EFFICACY OF BASIL LEAF EXTRACT (OCIMUM Spp.) AGAINST MICROBES THAT CAUSES DENTAL AND ORAL DISEASES: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Muhammad Vegisa Nusantara(1), Ratna Sulistyorini(2), Maya Dian Rakhmawatie(3*)


(1) Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
(2) Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
(3) Bagian Biomedik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Background: Infection is one of the most common dental and oral health problems experienced by the community. Most infections in the oral cavity are caused by Candida albicans and bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. Currently, there is a tendency to use natural ingredients that are believed to be antifungal and antibacterial as a substitute for chemicals. One of the natural ingredients that have the potential as antifungal and antibacterial that is easily obtained by the community is basil leaves (Ocimum spp.). Objective: This study aims to determine the efficacy of basil leaf extract (Ocimum spp.) on the growth of C. albicans and S. mutans in vitro. Methods: A systematic literature review study using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was conducted to find scientific evidence of the efficacy of basil leaves (Ocimum spp). Result: Extracts from the majority of basil leaf species (Ocimum spp.) contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, which are expected to have activity as antifungal and antibacterial agents. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of basil leaf extract from various species, solvents and extraction methods varied with a range of 0.0025 – 25% w/v. Conclusion: The most effective basil leaf species in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans was Ocimum basilicum which was extracted using maceration method with methanol solvent (MIC 0.01%). Meanwhile, the most effective basil leaf species in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans was Ocimum sanctum L. which was extracted using the soxhletation method with 96% ethanol solvent (MIC 0.0025%).

Keywords


Candida albicans; dental and oral infection; Ocimum spp.; Streptococcus mutans

Full Text:

PDF

References


Kemenkes RI.. 2019. RISKESDAS 2018. Jakarta: Balitbangkes Kemenkes Republik Indonesia.

Pasaribu DMR, Sudrajat SE, Buarlele HJ. Aktivitas Zona Hambat Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum americanum) terhadap Candida albicans. J Kedokt Meditek. 2018;24(68):50-59.

Utami PW, Isnandar, Rahmi S, Indra BS. Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus di Rongga Mulut. J Kedokt Gigi Univ Padjadjaran. 2021;33 (1):38-43.

Millsop JW, Fazel N. Oral Candidiosis. Elsevier B.V.; 2016.

Quindós G, Gil-alonso S, Marcos-Arias C, et al. Therapeutic tools for oral candidiasis : Current and new antifungal drugs. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019;24(2):172-180.

Paksi P, Sugihartana D, Larnani S. Efek Penghambatan Ekstrak Akuades Daun Ocimum basilicum terhadap Streptococcus mutans In Vitro. J Kedokt Brawijaya. 2018;30(2):87-91.

Willianti E, Theodora, Parmasari WD. Analisa Aktivitas Antibakteri Rebusan Daun Sirih dengan Rebusan Daun Kemangi terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus mutans. HTMJ. 2020;18(1):100-113.

Silvia D, Sri R, Sunnati. Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum Dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Sanctum L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida Albicans. J Caninus Denstistry Vol. 2017;2(2):31-39.

Ornay AK De, Herlambang Prehananto, Dewi ASS. Daya Hambat Pertumbuhan Candida albicans dan Daya Bunuh Candida albicans Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum sanctum L.). J Wiyata. 2017;4(1):78-83.

Lukman SA, Mardianingrum R, Mardiana U. Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Tanaman Kemangi (Ocimum sp.) Terhadap Candida albicans. Pharmacoscript. 2020;3(2):162-173.

Lutfiyanti R, Ma’ruf WF, Dewi EN. Aktivitas Antijamur Senyawa Bioaktif Ekstrak Gelidium latifolium Terhadap Candida albicans. J Pengolah dan Biotek. 2012;1:1-8.

Aminah S., Purba RA, Situmorang NB, Marbun RAT. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus mutans. J Farm. 2020;2(2):69-76.

Sivareddy B, Reginald BA, Sireesha D, Samatha M, Reddy KH, Subrahamanyam G. Antifungal activity of solvent extracts of Piper betle and Ocimum sanctum Linn on Candida albicans: An in vitro comparative study. J oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;21(3):244-251.

Parida A, Siddeeqh S, Jose M, Manju V. Antimicrobial Effects of Ocimum Sanctum on Oral Microbes. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(5):316-318.

Ika Kurnia Sukmawati, Dewi Purnamasari S. Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Sanctum L.) Terhadap Jamur Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum, dan Aspergillus flavus. J Farm Galen. 2017;3(1):30-35.

Subramanian G, Tewari BB, Gomathinayagam R. Studies of Antimicrobial Properties of Different Leaf Extract of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) against Human Pathogens. Am Int J Contemp Res. 2014;4(8):149-157.

Caamal-Herrera IO, Carrillo-Cocom LM, Escalante-Réndiz DY, Aráiz-Hernández D, Azamar-Barrios JA. Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity of essential oil, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ocimum micranthum Willd leaves. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018; 8(1):1-9.

Ahmad K, Khalil A talha, Somayya R. Antifungal, phytotoxic and hemagglutination activity of methanolic extracts of Ocimum basilicum. J Tradit Chinese Med = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan. 2016;36(6):794-798.

Issazadeh K, Majid Khoshkholgh Pahlaviani MR, Massiha A, Bidarigh S, Giahi M, Zulfagar Muradov P. Analysis of the Phytochemical Contents and Anti-microbial Activity of Ocimum basilicum L. Int J Mol Clin Microbiol. 2012;2(1):141-147.

Syahrul D, Syahriel D. Konsentrasi Optimal dari Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus mutans In Vitro. IJKG. 2021;17(2):97-102.

Evangelina IA, Syafitri FU, Mardiati E, Laviana A. Daya antibakteri fraksi etil asetat daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum) terhadap Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 pada clear retainer. Padjadjaran J Dent Res Students. 2021;5(2):97.

Usman I, Rambung JS, AR ERH, Ismail. Aktivitas Antibakteri Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Kemangi dan Daun Binahong terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Media Farm. 2019;XV(2):1-9.

Rai A, Tripathi AM, Saha S, Dhinsa K, Jain B, Yadav G. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of four different plant extracts against cariogenic bacteria: An in vitro study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2020;13(4):361-367.

Gadiyar A, Ankola A V, Rajpurohit L. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Ocimum Sanctum L. (Tulsi) Extract against Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus Acidophilus-An in Vitro Study. Int J Heal Sci Res. 2017;7(4):224.

Kochikar Pai R, Bhat SS, Salman A, Chandra J. Use of an Extract of Indian Sacred Plant Ocimum sanctum as an Anticariogenic Agent: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015;8(2):99-101.

Herdiyati Y, Astrid Y, Shadrina AAN, Wiani I, Satari MH, Kurnia D. Potential Fatty Acid as Antibacterial Agent against Oral Bacteria of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis from Basil (Ocimum americanum): In vitro and in silico studies. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2020;17:532-541.

Balakumar S, Rajan S, Thirunalasundari T, Jeeva S. Antifungal activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae) on clinically isolated dermatophytic fungi. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4(8):654-657.

Kumalasari MLF, Andiarna F. Uji Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L). Indones J Heal Sci. 2020;4(1):39.

Azzahra F, Budiati T. Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan dan Pelarut Ekstraksi terhadap Rendemen dan kandungan Kimia Ekstrak Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.). Med Sains. 2022;7(1):67-78.

Astriyani W, Surjowardojo P, Susilorini T. Daya Hambat Ekstrak Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa l.) dengan Pelarut Ethanol dan Aquades terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus penyebab Mastitis pada Sapi perah. J Trop Anim Prod. 2017;18(2):8-13.

Verdiana M, Widarta IWR, Permana IDGM. Pengaruh Jenis Pelarut pada Ekstraksi Menggunakan Gelombang Ultrasonik terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Lemon (Citrus limon (Linn.) Burm F.). J Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan. 2018;7(4):213.

Riwanti P, Izazih F, Amaliyah. Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Etanol pada Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol 50,70 dan 96% Sargassum polycystum dari Madura. J Pharm Anwar Med. 2020;2(2):82-95.

Wijaya H, Jubaidah S, Rukayyah. Perbandingan Metode Ekstraksi Maserasi dan Sokhletasi terhadap Rendemen Ekstrak Batang Turi (Sesbania grandiflora L.). Indones J Pharm Nat Prod. 2022;05:1-11.

Susanto LRD, Nuryanti A, Wahyudi IA. Efek Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocinum Basilium L.) Sebagai Agen Penghambat Pembentukan Biofilm Streptococcus Mutans. Idj. 2013;2(1):38-44.

Sariadji K, Sembiring M. Kajian Pustaka : Uji Kepekaan Antibiotik pada Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Biotek Medisiana Indones. 2019;8(2):121-133.

Fitriana YAN, Fatimah VAN, Fitri AS. Aktivitas Anti Bakteri Daun Sirih: Uji Ekstrak KHM (Kadar Hambat Minimum) dan KBM (Kadar Bakterisidal Minimum). Sainteks. 2019;16(2):101-108.

Rollando R, Prasetyo YSA, Sitepu R. Uji Antimikroba Minyak Atsiri Masoyi (Massoia aromatica) terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Maj Farm dan Farmakol. 2019;23(2):52-57.

Nurhayati LS, Yahdiyani N, Hidayatulloh A. Perbandingan Pengujian Aktivitas Antibakteri Starter Yogurt dengan Metode Difusi Sumuran dan Metode Difusi Cakram. J Teknol Has Peternak. 2020;1(2):41.

Sari ZAA, Febriawan R. Perbedaan Hasil Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Metode Well Diffusion dan Kirby bauer Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri. J Med Hutama. 2021;2(04):1156-1161.

Mursinah, Ibrahim F, Wahid MH. Profil Candida penyebab kandidemia dan pola kepekaan terhadap anti jamur pada pasien sakit kritis di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusuno. J Biotek Medisiana Indones. 2016;5(2):105-111.

Khasanah HR, Muslim ZM, Wekriana PW. Uji Sensitifitas Bakteri Gram Positif Pada Plak Gigi Terhadap Antibiotika. Avicenna J Ilm. 2019;14(02):36-41.

Dola MW, Nofita, Ulfa AM. Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Kumur Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Kemangi (Ocimum sanctum L.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans. J Ilmu Kedokt dan Kesehat. 2021;8:406-415.

Sari NKY, Sumadewi NLU. Aktivitas Antifungi Saponin Bunga Kamboja Putih (Plumeria acuminata) pada Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Metamorf J Biol Sci. 2021;8(1):74.

Maulana IA, Triatmoko B, Nugraha AS. Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak dan Fraksi Tanaman Senggugu (Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb.) terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. JPSCR J Pharm Sci Clin Res. 2020;5(1):01.

Anggraini W, Nisa SC, Ramadhani Da R, Ma’arif ZA B. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol 96 % Buah Blewah (Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli. Pharm J Indones. 2019;5(1):61-66.

Putri SA, Fifendy M. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) dengan Penambahan Sari Buah Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) untuk Mencegah Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Penyebab Jerawat. Pros SEMNAS BIO. 2021


Article Metrics

Abstract view : 170 times
PDF - 37 times

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26714/ijd.v4i1.13414

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Dentistry

Commitment to quality

A blind peer review. Immidiate open acces. Authors retain copyright. No author fees. Published binually.

Indonesian Journal of Dentistry (IJD), its website and the articles published therein are licensed under a Creative Commons Attributions-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence.

Indonesian Journal of Dentistry is published by Faculty of Dentistry of Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang (FKG Unimus). It's managed by Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang.