Exploring the Role of ChatGPT in Indonesian Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Pedagogical Implications; A Systematic Review
(1) Universitas Bengkulu
(2) Universitas Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly ChatGPT, has significantly influenced educational practices worldwide, including in Indonesian contexts. This study presents a systematic review of 69 Scopus-indexed articles from 2020 to 2026 to examine the methods, potentials, limitations, and challenges associated with ChatGPT integration in Indonesian education. Using a grounded theory approach involving open and axial coding, the study synthesizes key themes across the literature to provide a structured understanding of current research trends. The findings indicate that existing studies are predominantly exploratory and qualitative, with limited empirical validation, yet consistently highlight key potentials such as personalized and adaptive learning, enhanced writing support and feedback, increased student engagement, and improved accessibility to learning resources. ChatGPT is also increasingly conceptualized as an AI-based learning partner that supports cognitive scaffolding and interactive learning. However, significant challenges are identified, including academic integrity risks, over-reliance on AI, reduced critical thinking development, and issues related to accuracy and contextual relevance, alongside broader systemic concerns such as ethical and policy ambiguities, digital inequality, and limited teacher readiness. These findings suggest that the impact of ChatGPT is not determined solely by its technological capabilities but by the alignment between pedagogical design, cognitive engagement, and institutional governance. This study concludes that effective integration requires a balanced and systemic approach emphasizing AI literacy, ethical frameworks, pedagogical redesign, and equitable access, while future research should prioritize empirical, longitudinal, and interdisciplinary approaches to better understand the long-term implications of AI in Indonesian education.
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